Praxis Questions

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Which of the following is a technology type that is used by scientists to improve human existence?

Which of the following is a technology type that is used by scientists to improve human existence? a) Using viral genes to infect plants with beneficial modifications. b) Using microorganisms to detoxify human waste. c) Using artificial bovine growth hormone to increase milk production. d) All of the above. Explanation: All of the technological processes that are mentioned are c...

Who is Charles Darwin?

Darwin is the first of the evolutionary biologists, the originator of the concept of natural selection. His principal works, The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859) and The Descent of Man (1871) marked a new epoch.

What is Visible light wavelength?

Visible light wavelengths are between 400 and 700 nanometers. Visible light waves are the only electromagnetic waves we can see. We see these waves as the colors of the rainbow. Each color has a different wavelength. Red has the longest wavelength and violet has the shortest wavelength. When all the waves are seen together, they make white light. When white light shines through a prism, the...

An anticodon is made primarily of what?

An anticodon is made primarily ofAn anticodon is the three nucleotide sequence on transfer RNA (tRNA) that complements mRNA. It is used to translate mRNA into protein. what? Definition: An anticodon is a unit made up of three nucleotides which play an important role in various DNA cycles, including RNA translation . An RNA strand has an anticodon. Is it tRNA or mRNA? Roles of 3 types of RNA...

A diploid organism has the genotype AaBbCc for three loci, eahc of which is located on a differnt chromosome.a normal gamete produced by this organism could have which of the following genotypes?

a) AbC answer b) AB C) AaB d) ACc

a bird in a cage jumps to its perch to be fed each dday when it is presented with food. For a period of time,

a bird in a cage jumps to its perch to be fed each dday when it is presented with food. For a period of time, the cage is tapped before the bird food is given. Eventuall the bird jumps to the perch when the cage is tapped, wherter food is presented or not. the birds behaviour can be classified as which of the following? a) habituation b) train and error(oerant conditioning) c) imprinting d...

144. Which of the following are functions of human luteinizing hormone (LH) in females?

144. Which of the following are functions of human luteinizing hormone (LH) in females? I. Ovarian follicle maturation II. Triggering of ovulation III. Stimulation of oxytocin production (A) I only (B) II only (C) I and II only (D) II and III only

142. Calcium functions in all of the following ways in animals EXCEPT as (A) a component in some arthropod skeletons (B) an intracellular messenger (C) a cofactor in the coagulation cascade (D) a carrier for certain plasma proteins

143. Using DNA technology, researches are engineering nitrogen-fixing bacteria that can live in the tissues of nitrogen-demanding plants, which would reduce the use of chemical fertilizers. Which of the following crops would most likely benefit from this kind of research?

Calcium functions in all of the following ways in animals EXCEPT as

Calcium functions in all of the following ways in animals EXCEPT as (A) a component in some arthropod skeletons (B) an intracellular messenger (C) a cofactor in the coagulation cascade (D) a carrier for certain plasma proteins

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Praxis Biology Questions:

Who discovered the citric acid cycle and won a noble piece price for it?

Question 1 (Weight 0.67%)

Who discovered the citric acid cycle and won a noble piece price for it?

( )Hans Adolf Krebs
( )Ramon y Cajal
( )Henry James
( )Edward Calvin Kendall

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Question 2 (Weight 0.67%) Unit “Biology Praxis ll Exam Prep -1″

Which of the following is a technology used by scientists to improve human existence?

( )Using viral genes to infect plants with beneficial modifications
( )Using microorganisms to detoxify human waste
( )Using artificial bovine growth hormone to increase milk production
( )All of the above

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Question 3 (Weight 0.67%)

In a short-day plant growing in a home garden, which of the following causes phytochrome to switch from one form to

( )Red and far-red light
( )Sunlight
( )Gibberellin
( )The dark period

Explanation: Phytochrome plays an important ecological role in the germination of many types of seeds. The seeds of some plants require light for germination; when sunlight falls on a seed the red wavelengths switch much of the seed’s phytochrome to the Pfr form, initiating germination.

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Question 4 (Weight 0.67%)

What is the name given to the process by which ingested material (chyme) moves through the intestine in an organized, wave-like motion?

( )Peristalsis
( ) Kinesis
( )Action potential
( )Extrusion

Explanation: The intestines have their own local nervous system that controls the movement of material. The small intestine is composed of both circularly and longitudinally oriented muscles that propel the bolus of ingested food. The name given to this highly organized digestive function is called peristalsis.

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Question 5 (Weight 0.67%)

In a short-day plant growing in a home garden, which of the following causes phytochrome to switch from one form to

( )Red and far-red light
( )Sunlight
( )Gibberellin
( )The dark period

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Question 6 (Weight 0.67%)

Which of the following animal respiration systems is incorrectly matched with the animal type?

( ) Vertebrate – Lungs
( )Fish – Gills
( )Worms – Gizzard
( )Insects – Spiracles and tracheal tubes

Explanation: Worms conduct respiration directly through their outer skin. This is one reason why worms move to the surface when it rains—they cannot breathe if they are covered by water. The gizzard is part of the worm’s digestive tract. All of the other organs are correctly paired.

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Question 7 (Weight 0.67%)

There are two types of genes. The genes that are NOT sex chromosomes are known as which type of gene?

( ) gametic
( )autosomal
( )recombinant
( )homologous

Explanation: In humans, normal cells contain 44 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes

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Question 8 (Weight 0.67%)

Which is the ecological term that describes the relative position of a species or population in its ecosystem? This term describes how an organism or population changes and is changed by the distribution of resources and competitors around it?

( )Area of influence
( )Influence zone
( )Niche
( )Partition

Explanation: Which is the ecological term that describes the relative position of a species or population in its ecosystem? This term describes how an organism or population changes and is changed by the distribution of resources and competitors around it?

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Question 9 (Weight 0.67%)

A researcher is working with a species of bacterium that can cause death in humans but there is an effective cure on hand. He is studying the mechanism of drug resistance in this bacterium by making different strains. Which is the minimum level of safety that should be used for this microorganism?

( )BSL-1
( ) BSL-2
( ) BSL-3
( )BSL-4

Explanation: BSL-3 safety precautions are used for pathogens that can cause serious disease but for which there are effective treatments while BSL-4 containment is used for pathogens that can cause serious human disease for which there is no known treatment. Under normal circumstances the bacterium would only require BSL-3 containment, since the scientist is very likely going to create drug resistant strains of the bacterium, BSL-4 containment procedures should be used at all times.

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Question 10 (Weight 0.67%)

Considering with doctors and scientists know about vaccines and immunizations which of the following is most accurate?

( )Immunizations lead to autism
( ) Vaccines almost always contain live, active viruses
( )The injectable flu vaccine can sometimes give you the flu
( )Worldwide, vaccines have prevented more death and disease than any other known medicine

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Question 11 (Weight 0.67%)

A pediatrician notices that there seem to be a high number of leukemia cases among children from area. Which type of scientist would most likely head the investigation to determine the cause of the leukemia?

( )Endocrinologist
( )Endocrinologist
( ) Epidemiologist
( ) Pediatrician

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Question 12 (Weight 0.67%)

Which organization would be most likely to investigate an outbreak of a pathogenic organism in a food

[ ]
CDC
[ ]
EPA
[ ]
FDA
[ ]
both a and c

Explanation: A recent outbreak of Salmonella Typhimurium was investigated by both the CDC (Centers for Disease Control) and FDA (Food and Drug Administration). The CDC has epidemiologists that are skilled in determing the cause of human illness as it relates to infection and the FDA tracks the supply of food to determine spread. The FDA also issues penalties for infractions. In this case, criminal investigations were initiated by the Justice Department however this is uncommon. The EPA or Environmental Protection Agency would be involved if the environment were being harmed.

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Question 13 (Weight 0.67%)

Which of the following is the term used to describe the willful participation of clinical study participants after they have been explained the risks and benefits of participating in the study?

( )informed concent
( )Conscious decision
( ) Living will
( )Advance directive

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Question 14 (Weight 0.67%)

Which of the following is a negative consequence of “slash and burn” deforestation?

( )increased carbon emissions
( ) Less oxygen production
( ) Increased runoff
( )All of the above

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Question 15 (Weight 0.67%)

What is the term for the cycles of nutrients in the ecosystems?

( )Biogeological Cycle
( ) Geochemical Cycle
( )Biochemical Cycle
( )Biogeochemical Cycle

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Question 16 (Weight 0.67%)

What type of Terrestrial Biome is found near the equator and varies based on the amount of precipitation?

( ) Tropical Forest
( )Temperate Grassland
( ) Savanna
( ) Chaparral

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Question 17 (Weight 0.67%)

In regards to physiological responses, a Regulator is:

( )An organism that is not able to maintain a constant internal temperature when external conditions change.
( )An organism that is able to maintain a constant internal temperature when external conditions change.
( )An organism that is not able to regulate its internal environment.
( ) None of the above.

Explanation: Regulators are able to maintain constant internal conditions when the external environment changes. Conformers are less able to regulate their internal environment, which varies with the external environment. Whether an animal is a regulator or a conformer is related to the stability in which it normally live

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Question 18 (Weight 0.67%)

When 2 species use the same limited resources to the detriment of both, it is called:

( )Mutualism
( )Competition
( )Predation
( )Parasitism

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Question 19 (Weight 0.67%)

What is the word that describe the idea that Organism has or possess qualities that are greater than themselves or sum of their parts so to speak?

( )Additive properties
( ) Emergent properties
( )Superlative properties
( )convincing properities

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Question 20 (Weight 0.67%)

When working with infectious diseases or viruses which can infect if inhaled, Which of the following is the most prudent laboratory practice for the molecular biologist to use?

( ) Always wear a protective mask and shield, and work under a hood as much as possible.
( )put on your goggles and mouthwrap.
( )Never work on viruses that can infect you.
( )if it can be inhaled dont work with it

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Question 21 (Weight 0.67%)

what is synaptosomal reuptake assay?

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Question 22 (Weight 0.67%)

what type of particle tritium gives off?

( )beta
( )gama

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Question 23 (Weight 0.67%)

which of the following is true about tritium?

( )It is tritium, which emits alpha particles, and it can be dangerous to be in the same room without proper shielding while it is exposed or while it is being used.
( )It is tritium, which emits X-ray radiation, and it can be dangerous to be in the same room without proper shielding while it is exposed, or while it is being used.
( )It is tritium, which emits beta particles, and can be dangerous if swallowed.
( ) It is radium, which emits alpha particles and gamma radiation, and can be dangerous if swallowed.

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Question 24 (Weight 0.67%)

A scientist identifies a rock formation that had approximately 20 grams of potassium-40 when it was formed. Tests show that it now has 5 grams of potassium-40. If the half-life of potassium-40 is 1.3 billion years, how old is this rock formation?

( )Over 5 billion years
( )Over 2.6 billion Years oldCorrect
( )1.3 billion years
( )325 million years

Explanation: answer is over 2.6 billon years old.

to calculate the half life first of all half life refers to half of the total. So half of 40 is 20, and half of 20 is 10 so on
so we had 20 grams half of 20 is 10 that is 1.3 x 2 = 2.6 + a lilttle bit more so the correct answer is Over 2.6 billion years old

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Question 25 (Weight 0.67%)

what is meant by Confounding variable?

( )it is applied to only one group of what is tested and had an impact on the results
( )Variable that is not counted for
( )Confounding variables are variables that the researcher failed to control, or eliminate, damaging the internal validity of an experiment.
( )variable that cannot be controlled

Explanation:One of the most common types of confounding occurs when an experimenter does not or can not randomly assign participants to groups, and some type of individual difference (e.g., ability, extroversion, shyness, height, weight) acts as a confounding variable. For example, any experiment that involves a comparison of men and women is inherently plagued with confounding variables, the most commonly cited of which is that the social environment for males and females is very different. This does not mean that there is no meaning or value in gender comparison studies, or other studies in which random assignment is not employed, it simply means that we need to be more cautious in interpreting the results.

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Question 26 (Weight 0.67%)

what is said about the concentration of saline solutions?

( )it contains 0.6 % of NACL in water
( )it contains 0.09 % of NACL in water
( )it contains 0.9 % NaCl in water
( ) it contain.009 % NaCl in water

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Question 27 (Weight 0.67%)

what is an Inhibitor in biological terms

( )something that inhibits somethign form happening
( )ne that inhibits, as a substance that retards or stops a chemical reaction
( )retards chemical reactions
( )all of the above is true

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Question 28 (Weight 0.67%)

The ability or tendency of an organism or cell to maintain internal equilibrium by adjusting its physiological processes.

( )Biofeedback
( )Temperature Regulators
( )Thermostat
( )Homeostasis

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Question 29 (Weight 0.67%)

Which of the following is incorrect in terms of taxonomic structure?

( )There are many Classes in one Kingdom
( )practice and science of classification.
( )There are many Orders in one Family
( )here are many Species in one Family

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Question 30 (Weight 0.67%)

what is NOT central dogma of molecular biology?

( )Protein can provide information to DNA
( )DNA can provide information to RNA
( ) RNA can provide information to protein
( )DNA can provide information to DNA

Explanation: The central dogma of molecular biology describes the way in which DNA controls the production of DNA, RNA and protein. DNA is duplicated into more DNA. DNA is transcribed into RNA. RNA is translated into proteins. At no point is the information contained in a protein made into new RNA or DNA.

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Question 31 (Weight 0.67%)

Who is credited with the discovery of the double helix structure of DNA?

( )CARIG AND WATSON
( )Linus Pauling
( )k MANGAL
( )James Watson and Francis Crick.

Explanation: Watson and Crick are credited with the description of DNA as a double helix from their paper in the journal Nature in 1953. Watson, Crick and another researcher named Maurice Wilkins won the Nobel Prize in Medicine for that work. There is some controversy surrounding this achievement, since an X-ray crystallographer named Rosalind Franklin may have provided the critical information for that discovery, yet she was overlooked for the Prize, and in many historical accounts of the discovery.

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Question 32 (Weight 0.67%)

What is meant by Conjugate Acids?

( )sharing electrons and one become unstable
( )conjugate acids and conjugate bases, produced by the transfer of a proton from the acid to the base
( )Removal of a hydrogen ion
( )None of the above

Explanation: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjugate_acid

the answer is b: conjugate acids and conjugate bases, produced by the transfer of a proton from the acid to the base

Within the Brønsted-Lowry (protonic) theory of acids and bases, a conjugate acid is the acid member, HX, of a pair of two compounds that transform into each other by gain or loss of a proton. A conjugate acid can also be seen as the chemical substance that releases, or donates, a proton in the forward chemical reaction, hence, the term acid. The base produced, X−, is called the conjugate base, and it absorbs, or gains, a proton in the backward chemical reaction. In aqueous solution, the chemical reaction involved is of the form

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Question 33 (Weight 0.67%)

What is the conjugate acid of ammonia?

( )NH4+
( )NH2
( )NH3
( )H20

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Question 34 (Weight 0.67%)

What is situ hybridization?

( )In situ hybridization (ISH) is a type of hybridization that uses a labeled complementary DNA or RNA strand (i.e., probe) to localize a specific DNA or RNA sequence in a portion or section of tissue
( )situ is a Latin phrase meaning in the place.
( )In situ hybridization (ISH) is a type of hybridization that uses a labeled complementary DNA or RNA strand (i.e., probe) to localize a specific DNA or RNA sequence in a portion or section of tissue (in situ), or, if the tissue is small enough (e.g. plant seeds, Drosophila embryos), in the entire tissue (whole mount ISH).
( )all of the above is true

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Question 35 (Weight 0.67%)

Which technique would be most likely be used to link a suspect to the scene of a crime?

( )Sanger method
( ) PCR
( )RFLP analysis
( ) Solid-phase peptide synthesis

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Question 36 (Weight 0.67%)

Which of the following is true of the Calvin cycle in plant cells?

( )ATP gives energy to the system
( )Three molecules of carbon dioxide is converted to a three carbon sugar
( )NADPH gives energy to the system
( ) All of the above

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Question 37 (Weight 0.67%)

What is identical between a mole of the amino acid valine and a mole of sucrose?

( ) Volume
( ) Mass
( )Number of molecules
( ) Taste

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Question 38 (Weight 0.67%)

Ethane, ethene and ethyne are three different molecules each containing two carbon atoms. The formulas are C2H6, C2H4 and C2H2, respectively. What is the primary difference between these molecules?

( )The two carbons are single, double and triple bonded with each other in ethane, ethene and ethyne, respectively
( )The carbons in ethene and ethyne exist as free radicals
( )The hydrogens are double bonded in ethene and ethyne
( ) The carbons in ethene and ethyne are joined by ionic bonds

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Question 39 (Weight 0.67%)

Which term describes the process that a cell uses to modify a protein after it has been constructed by a ribosome?

( )Post-translational modification
( )Post-transcriptional modification
( )Pre-secretion modification
( )central processing UNIT

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Question 40 (Weight 0.67%)

What do you expect to have or see in a cDNA from a cDNA?

( )INTERONS
( )Introns
( )EXONS AND PLOY A TAIL?
( )ETHER

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Question 41 (Weight 0.67%)

What part of the cell would you find the enzymes that comprise of citric acids?

( )Cytosol?
( )Nucleus
( )Outer mitochondrial membrane
( ) Mitochondrial matrix

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Question 42 (Weight 0.67%)

What organelle participates in oxidative phosphorylation and where the enzyme of glyclosis are found?

( )mitochondrion
( )Outer mitochondrial membrane
( ) Mitochondrial matrix
( )Cytosol Nucleus Mitochondrial matrix Outer mitochondrial membrane

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Question 43 (Weight 0.67%)

What is the major genetic abnormality in Klinefelter’s syndrome?

( )One X and no Y chromosome
( )Multiple X chromosomes a one Y chromosome
( )Three copies of chromosome 21
( ) Multiple X chromosomes and NO Y chromosome

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Question 44 (Weight 0.67%)

WHAT IS microorchidism?

( )Macroorchidism is the medical term used to describe a genetic disorder found in males where a subject has abnormally large testes.
( )The condition is commonly inherited in connection with fragile X syndrome
( )the second most common genetic cause of mental retardation. The term “Macroorchidism” is opposite to the term Microorchidism which is used to define the condition whereby the testes are abnormally small.
( )all of the above is true

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Question 45 (Weight 0.67%)

Sodium has an atomic number of 11. How many electrons does a sodium ion have?

( )11 ION
( )12
( )10
( )22

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Question 46 (Weight 0.67%)

The majority of the enzymes that comprise the citric acid cycle are located in which part of the cell?

( )Cytosol?
( )Nucleus
( )Mitochondrial matrix
( ) Outer mitochondrial membrane

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Question 47 (Weight 0.67%)

Which of the following is not made up chiefly of amino acids?

( )Starch
( )Protein
( ) Collagen
( ) Peptide

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Question 48 (Weight 0.67%)

Which of the following is not a phase of mitosis?

( )Prophase
( )Centrophase
( )Metaphase
( )Telophase

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Question 49 (Weight 0.67%)

Neurons maintain an electric charge that is negative relative to the surrounding extracellular fluid. Which of the following atoms does not participate in this electrical potential difference?

( )KA
( )K
( )C
( )CL

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Question 50 (Weight 0.67%)

What is the Gogi Complex?

( )it contains sis and trans sides and face toward the nucleus and or the outer cell membrane, respectively.
( )It is another packaging organelle like the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
( )The Golgi complex gathers simple molecules and combines them to make molecules that are more complex. I
( )all of the above is true

Explanation: The Golgi apparatus or Golgi complex is found in most cells. It is another packaging organelle like the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). It was named after Camillo Golgi, an Italian biologist. It is pronounced GOL-JI in the same way you would say squee-gie, as soft a “G” sound. While layers of membranes may look like the rough ER, they have a very different function.

Foundation of VesiclesThe Golgi complex gathers simple molecules and combines them to make molecules that are more complex. It then takes those big molecules, packages them in vesicles, and either stores them for later use or sends them out of the cell. It is also the organelle that builds lysosomes (cell digestion machines). Golgi complexes in the plant may also create complex sugars and send them off in secretory vesicles. The vesicles are created in the same way the ER does it. The vesicles are pinched off the membranes and float through the cell.The Golgi complex is a series of membranes shaped like pancakes. The single membrane is similar to the cell membrane in that it has two layers. The membrane surrounds an area of fluid where the complex molecules (proteins, sugars, enzymes) are stored and changed. Because the Golgi complex absorbs vesicles from the rough ER, you will also find ribosomes in those pancake stacks.

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Question 51 (Weight 0.67%)

Which of the following organelles is not usually attached or associated with the nucleus?

( )Rough endoplasmic reticulum
( )Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
( )Golgi complex
( )Nucleolus

Explanation: Which of the following organelles is not usually attached or associated with the nucleus?

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Question 52 (Weight 0.67%)

Which of the following is a cation?

( )Na+
( )Cl-
( ) H2O
( ) Gaseous nitrogen

Explanation: Cations are positively charged atoms so sodium in its ionic form could be considered a cation. Water is a polar molecule but not a cation and gaseous nitrogen is N2 and not a cation (or even an ion).

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Question 53 (Weight 0.67%)

Given ABO blood type groups, which of the following would be expected to result in a serious transfusion reaction (agglutination)?

( ) B donor to O recipient
( ) B donor to AB recipient
( )O donor to A recipient
( )O donor to B recipient

Explanation: The ABO grouping is an example of antibody/antigen recognition. Type O blood can be given to any of the ABO groups because these red blood cells have no ABO antigens on their surface. People with type AB blood can receive any type of blood because they have no antibodies against any of the red blood cell surface ABO antigens. If B blood is given to an O patient, there will be a severe agglutination reaction.

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Question 54 (Weight 0.67%)

Meiosis happen inwhich process?

( )Mitosis
( )meiosis
( )both mitosis and meiosis
( )all of the above

Explanation: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D1_-mQS_FZ0&feature=related

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Question 55 (Weight 0.67%)

How many cytokineses or cell divisions have occurred from the time a single diploid animal cell undergoes meiosis and has reached the spermatid stages?

( )one
( )two
( )three
( )four

Explanation: While four spermatids are formed from each diploid cell during meiosis, three cell divisions have taken place. There is one cytokinesis at the end of telophase I forming two cells from the original diploid cell. Then each of the new haploid cells splits again at the end of telophase II to form four gametes. Thus three cell divisions have occurred.

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Question 56 (Weight 0.67%)

here is one cytokinesis at the end of telophase I

( )1
( )2
( )3
( )4

Explanation: There is one cytokinesis at the end of telophase I forming two cells from the original diploid cell. Then each of the new haploid cells splits again at the end of telophase II to form four gametes. Thus three cell divisions have occurred.

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Question 57 (Weight 0.67%)

A biochemist adds an inhibitor to an enzyme in solution. Adding substrate does not increase the amount of product. When the bath is rinsed and the experiment is repeated, the enzyme functions properly. What can be said about the inhibitor?

( ) It is noncompetitive
( ) It is competitive
( ) It is a suicide substrate
( ) It is not a true inhibitor

Explanation: The inhibition is not dependant on substrate concentration so it is not a competitive inhibitor. Since the enzyme’s function can be restored by rinsing the bath, it is not a suicide substrate. This inhibitor behaves like a noncompetitive inhibitor.

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Question 58 (Weight 0.67%)

The calories that are listed on nutrition labels are actually kilocalories, or large calories. Which of the following is the physical definition of a calorie also known as a small calorie?

( ) The energy required to raise one gram of water one degree Celsius
( ) The energy in one Joule
( )The amount of fat in one gram
( )The energy in one Watt

Explanation: The term calorie was used prior to the development of the SI units of measurements and was defined as the energy required to raise the temperature of one calorie of water by 1° C. As listed on foor labels, the calories are actually kilocalories, sometime indicated by a capital C rather than a small C. A kilocalorie is defined as the energy required to raise the temperature of a kilogram of water by 1° C. A standard kilocalorie is equal to about 4.2 kilojoules. Watt would not be used in this instance and would need to be converted to watt-hours. One gram of fat equals about 9 kilocalories (food calories).

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Question 59 (Weight 0.67%)

Protons and neutrons have almost identical mass and electrons are about one-two-thousandth of the mass. What unit of measurement is used for describing atomic mass? (Hint: protons and neutrons equal about one of these units)

( )Watt
( )Lewis
( ) Dalton
( ) Bohr

Explanation: Protons and neutrons have almost identical mass and electrons are about one-two-thousandth of the mass. What unit of measurement is used for describing atomic mass? (Hint: protons and neutrons equal about one of these units)

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Question 60 (Weight 0.67%)

What does the stretch of DNA called the TATA box signify?

( )The Tata box is an area of weak DNA that is highly prone to breakage.
( )The Tata box is recognized by RNA polymerase II as the site to stop mRNA transcription.
( ) The Tata box is recognized by a transcription factor that permits RNA polymerase II to begin mRNA transcription.
( )The Tata box is a stop codon

Explanation: The Tata box is recognized by a transcription factor that permits RNA polymerase II to begin mRNA transcription.

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Question 61 (Weight 0.67%)

Which of the following gases does not exist naturally as a dimer?

( )Helium
( ) Hydrogen
( ) Nitrogen
( )Oxygen

Explanation: Helium is a noble gas and as such is inert. It is monatomic meaning that it exists naturally as a singular atom. Oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and chlorine are some examples of gases that are diatomic or dimers meaning they are stable as the combination of two atoms of the element.

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Question 62 (Weight 0.67%)

A karotype is performed which shows three chromosomes of a size consistent with the chromosome 21. What can be said of the person on whom this karyotype was performed?

( )The person has Down Syndrome
( ) She is female
( )The person has an extra sex chromosome
( )The person will be have sickle-shaped blood cells

Explanation: Down syndrome is a constellation of physical traits, mental retardation and predisposition to certain illnesses because an extra chromosome 21 is inherited. Down Syndrome is also known as Trisomy 21 indicating three copies of chromosome 21. We cannot know the gender of the person in question and chromosome 21 is not a sex chromosome. Sickle-shaped red blood cells are a feature of sickle cell anemia, not Down syndrome.

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Question 63 (Weight 0.67%)

Three basic types of RNA are required to carry out protein synthesis. Which of the following is not a type of RNA required for the transcription and translation of DNA into protein?

( )Ribosomal
( )messenger
( )transfer
( )Mitochrondrial

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Question 64 (Weight 0.67%)

What is DNA wrapped around in a nucleosome?

( )Ribosome
( )ligase
( )Histone
( )Helicase

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Question 65 (Weight 0.67%)

The process by which natural selection drives competing species into different niches is known as what?

( )Niche differentiation
( )Niche influence
( )Niche fundamentalism
( )Niche realization

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Question 66 (Weight 0.67%)

What are alternate forms of a gene called?

( )allele
( )gametes
( )Chromosomes
( )none of the above

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Question 67 (Weight 0.67%)

The changes produced in any one generation by genetic drift and natural selection are small. These differences accumulate with each generation and can, over time, cause substantial changes in organisms. This process can lead to the emergence of new __________.

( )Species
( )chromosomes
( )hybrid
( )Organism

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Question 68 (Weight 0.67%)

Gregor Mendel proposed two laws that govern inheritance. One is the law of segregation, the other summarizes the observation that individual alleles, while they may be linked, tend to be inherited individually. This second law is known as what?

( )LAW OF INTEGRATION
( )LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
( )LAW OF SPECIATION
( )LAW OF UNIQUENESS

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Question 69 (Weight 0.67%)

Which of the following terms describes the phenomenon of having multiple alleles of a gene within a population, usually expressing different phenotypes?

( )Monomorphism
( )Polyphenotypic
( )Polymorphism
( )POLGYGENETICS

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Question 70 (Weight 0.67%)

In which type of organisms are genes inherited together (linked) because they cannot mix with genes in other organisms during reproduction?

( )asexual
( )polysexual
( )sexual
( )diploid

Explanation: In contrast, the offspring of sexual organisms contain random mixtures of their parents’ chromosomes that are produced through independent assortment. Also, in genetic recombination, sexual organisms can also exchange DNA between matching chromosomes.

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Question 71 (Weight 0.67%)

A disease called myoclonic epilepsy and red-ragged fibers or MERRF is a disease that is inherited through mitochondrial DNA. Assuming the disease allows people to reproduce, which of the following is (are) expected?

( )Mendelian inheritance
( )Non-Mendelian inheritance
( )Mother passes the disease to all offspring
( )Both B and C

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Question 72 (Weight 0.67%)

normal human being has how many chromosomes?

( )23
( )22
( )46
( )21

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Question 73 (Weight 0.67%)

Which type of speciation occurs in organisms whose ranges do not significantly overlap, but are immediately adjacent to each other, resulting in a narrow contact zone (if they contact at all). The population lives in a continuous habitat without geographic isolation.

( )Peripatric speciation
( )Parapatric speciation
( )Sympatric speciation
( )Allopatric speciation

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Question 74 (Weight 0.67%)

The allele for one form of color blindness is sex-linked recessive. A color blind man marries a woman whose father ha the same kind of color blindness. What is the probability that the married couple’s daughter will be color blind if she is XO?

( )0%
( )50%
( )100%
( )75%

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Question 75 (Weight 0.67%)

If a red flower and a white flower are crossed to produce a pink flower, which of the following is exemplified?

( )Polyploidy
( )Independent assortment.
( )Homozygosity
( )Incomplete dominance.

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Question 76 (Weight 0.67%)

Two people carry one copy of a recessive gene that causes sickle cell anemia. They have eight (8) children together. How many children have the Disease?

( )0
( )50
( )75
( )100

Explanation:Based on Mendelian genetics, each offspring has a one (1) in four (4) chance of inheriting two copies of the recessive gene which will result in sickle cell disease. That is only a probability however, and is not a rule. If the couple has eight (8) children, any number between one (1) and eight (8) of them could have the Disease since the trait is conferred to each child at the time of conception. It is like flipping a coin many times in row. No matter how many times that the coin is flipped, there is still a fifty percent (50%) chance of it landing on heads. The correct answer choice therefore, is (b).

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Question 77 (Weight 0.67%)

The therory that related organism will share similar qualities and they derive from commom ancestor are known as

( )Homologies
( )analogies
( )adaptation
( )species

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Question 78 (Weight 0.67%)

Genes are said to be homologous to each other if which of the following occurs?

( )If the genes are located next to each other on the same chromosome.
( )If the genes occupy the same position on homologous chromosomes.
( )If the genes are identical in DNA sequence.
( )If the genes are found anywhere on the same chromosome.

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Question 79 (Weight 0.67%)

__________ is the genetic divergence of one or more populations, from a single parent species and inhabiting the same geographic region, to a degree such that those populations become different species.

( )Peripatric speciation
( )Allopatric speciation
( )Prapatric speciation
( )Sympatric speciation

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Question 80 (Weight 0.67%)

The ABO blood typing system is an example of codominance. The alleles for A and B are of equal strength and the allele for O is recessive. If a person has type A blood, what is their genotype?

( )AA
( )AO
( )BO
( )Answer choices A and B are both correct

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Question 81 (Weight 0.67%)

what would you expect a monosomic individual to have?

( )Duplication
( )Frameshift mutation.
( )Aneuploidy
( )Point mutation.

Explanation: Aneuploidy refers to any abnormal chromosome number. Monosomy and trisomy are examples. Duplication would result in additional genetic material. Point and frameshift mutations occur on a scale much smaller than an entire chromosome. The correct answer choice therefore, is (C).Aneuploidy refers to any abnormal chromosome number. Monosomy and trisomy are examples. Duplication would result in additional genetic material. Point and frameshift mutations occur on a scale much smaller than an entire chromosome. The correct answer choice therefore, is (C).

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Question 82 (Weight 0.67%)

Which of the following is the process by which inheritable information from a gene (such as a DNA sequence) is made into a functional gene product (protein or RNA)?

( )Gene building
( )gene pooling
( )gene expression
( )gene encoding

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100

Question 83 (Weight 0.67%)

What selection this scenario described? a famer wants to produce hens that lay lots of eggs, so he carefully selected a group of cocks and hens that produce lots of eggs and bred them, and they produce offspring that was frutile, he then want to continue the cycle by take those group and bred it with a another furtile group and on on….

( )selective selection
( )directional seletion
( )stabilizing selections
( )random selections.

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101

Question 84 (Weight 0.67%)

what the term used to describe an animal that acts to perpetuate the reproductive success of its relative even at the expense of its own life?

( )Genetic activitism
( )kin selections
( )gene forwarding
( )parental selections

Explanation: A classic case of kin selection is the social cooperation of sterile worker honey bees. They work to help the colony succeed without the chance of passing their own genes into the gene pool of the next generation.

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102

Question 85 (Weight 0.67%)

due to pressure from other organism, species are usually forced to occupy a niche that is narrower than their fundamental niche, this type of niche is reffer to what?

( )Fundamental Niche
( )personalized Niche
( )adaptive nice
( )Realized niche

Explanation: A realized niche is narrower in scope than the fundamental niche, by definition. It occurs as a result of pressure from other species.A realized niche is narrower in scope than the fundamental niche, by definition. It occurs as a result of pressure from other species.

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103

Question 86 (Weight 0.67%)

A Genetic disease that get progressivly worse in each stage is describe by?

( )Recombination
( )Diseases Amplification
( )anticipation
( )polygeneticism

Explanation: Often, examples of anticipation in humans are explained by dynamic mutations caused by trinucleotide repeat regions and parent-of-origin effects.

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104

Question 87 (Weight 0.67%)

Round worm is known as?

( )nematodes
( )reptile
( )crustatian
( )antropod

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106

Question 88 (Weight 0.67%)

which of the following describe a nematode(round worm)

( )they have one opening to the gastrocavity
( )they reproduce sexually
( )possess true muscles
( )they are the most diverse phylum of pseudocoelomates

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107

Question 89 (Weight 0.67%)

Which sequence describes non-pulmonary blood flow in humans i.e. blood flow to peripheral tissues?

( )The heart pumps blood through arteries and then arterioles, which are the muscular transitions into the next stage, capillaries. Capillaries are responsible for transfer of nutrients and gases. The blood then enters venules and is collected in progressively larger veins until it returns to the vena cava and the heart.
( )artery, arteriole -> capillary -> venule ->vein -> heart
( )Heart-> artery, arteriole -> capillary -> venule ->vein -> heart
( )all of the above

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108

Question 90 (Weight 0.67%)

if the intestines was not part of the autonomic nevervous system, how could the action like perstalsis still occur becuase the intestine have its own nervous system, What is the name or what is it called?

( )enternic
( )Parasympathetic
( )Sympathetic
( )Peripheral

Explanation: The intestines have their own nervous system that aids in peristalsis and the forward movement of digested material. This system is known as the enteric nervous system and can function separately from the brain, spinal cord and even the autonomic nervous system.

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109

Question 91 (Weight 0.67%)

Which best describe mono cot plants?

( )Embryo with single cotyledon
( )Flower parts in multiples of three
( )Roots are adventitious
( )all of the above

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110

Question 92 (Weight 0.67%)

Which of the following statements regarding monocots and dicots is not correct?

( )Monocots have parallel leaf veins; Dicots have branching, net-like leaf veins
( )Monocots have flower parts in multiples of three; Dicots have flower parts in multiples of four or five
( )Monocot stems have scattered vascular bundles; Dicot stems have a central vascular stele
( )Monocots have one cotyledon; Dicots have two cotyledons

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111

Question 93 (Weight 0.67%)

Under normal circumstances, which two heart valves should be opened at the same time?

( )Aortic and pulmonary
( )Pulmonary and tricuspid
( )Only one valve is opened at any given time
( )Aortic and mitral (bicuspid)

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112

Question 94 (Weight 0.67%)

What cell is the basic unit of the nervous system?

( )Synapse
( )Dendrite
( )Neuron
( )Glial cell

Explanation: The neuron is the basic building block of nervous tissue. It is able to fire action potentials and communicate with other neurons and cells by releasing chemical called neurotransmitters. It is estimated that there are about 100 billion neurons in the brain.

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113

Question 95 (Weight 0.67%)

Which of the following structures is not part of the central nervous system?

( )Cerebrum
( )Cerebellum
( )Spinal cord
( )Motor neurons

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114

Question 96 (Weight 0.67%)

Which of the following describes the part of stems where the leaves are attached?

( )Axil
( )Lateral node
( )Internode
( )Node

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115

Question 97 (Weight 0.67%)

what is a fruit? which of the following best decribe what a fruit is?

( )ripened ovary
( ) Ripened ovule
( )Fused carpel
( ) Enlarged embryo sac

Explanation: A fruit is a ripened ovary that protects the enclosed seeds and aids in their dispersal via wind or animals.

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116

Question 98 (Weight 0.67%)

Which of the following things do not normally occur within a few days of ovulation?

( ) An egg is released from an ovary
( )There is a surge of LH (Luteinizing hormone)
( )Menstruation
( )he woman’s body temperature raises about 1 degree

Explanation: Many people believe incorrectly that ovulation or egg release from the ovary occurs very near the time of menstruation. In fact they are usually at least two weeks apart. Ovulation is stimulated by a surge of LH and is associated with a slight elevation in core body temperature.

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117

Question 99 (Weight 0.67%)

Which organ create biles or which organ biles are created?

( )Gallbladder
( )liver?
( ) Spleen
( )pancreas?

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118

Question 100 (Weight 0.67%)

Traits that remain after a long period of evolution?

( )Ancestral, Derived
( ) Derived, Ancestral
( )Primordial, Ancestral
( ) Derived, Ancestral

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119

Question 101 (Weight 0.67%)

In plant biology, a tropism is generally known as what?

( )Growth response of a plant to gravity
( ) Growth response of a plant to light
( ) Growth response to environmental gradients
( )Survial of the fittess

Explanation: A plant responds to stimuli in its physical environment. Growth responses to environmental gradients are known as tropisms. For example, the response of a plant to gravity (usually growing downward) is called geotropism.

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120

Question 102 (Weight 0.67%)

Which of the following is not true of the evolution of fungi?

( )Their evolution and taxonomic characterization is relatively unknown
( )They did not evolve from plants
( ) They did not evolve from animals
( ) Fungi moved to land about 100 million years after plants

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121

Question 103 (Weight 0.67%)

What is the effect of the hormone Cytokinin?

( ) Substitutes for long days in the flowering of some long-day plants
( ) Initiates cell division
( ) Responsible for geotropic response in roots; promotes onset of dormancy
( ) High concentrations stimulate the production of ethylene

Explanation: Cytokinins are produced in the roots and transported through the xylem to the leaves and the shoot meristems. They participate in changes that occur after DNA replication and initiate the process of cell division.

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122

Question 104 (Weight 0.67%)

which system is responsible to bring fluid back to the heart?

( ) Lymphatic
( )Immune
( )excretory system
( )digestive system

Explanation: The lymphatic system is similar to the circulatory system in that it contains many vessels that extend to various areas of the body. One of its functions is to remove excess fluid from peripheral tissues. It collects excess fluid and returns it to the circulatory system through the thoracic duct in the chest.

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123

Question 105 (Weight 0.67%)

Secondary xylem and phloem are laid down by which of the following?

( ) Cork cambium
( )Apical meristems
( ) Axillary meristems
( )Vascular cambium

Explanation: Secondary growth begins with the formation of the vascular cambium in the primary tissues of the plant. The vascular cambium is known as a lateral meristem; it divides to produce cells that will mature into the secondary vascular tissues, xylem and phloem.

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124

Question 106 (Weight 0.67%)

In dense forest, where little light is on the bottom of the ground, plants strive and grow taller to reach the sunlight, before its food runs out and it perish, this is known as?

( ) Etiolation
( )Photoperiod
( )Phototropic
( )Geotropic

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125

Question 107 (Weight 0.67%)

The phytochrome system helps to entrain the biological clock by indicating to a plant that light is present when which of the following occurs? Pr = red-light; Pfr = far-red light

( )Pr is rapidly converted to Pfr
( ) Pfr is slowly converted to Pr
( )Pr and Pfr are equal in concentration
( )Red light is absorbed by Pfr

Explanation: Phytochrome, a pigment that exists in two photoreversible states – Pr (red light absorbing)and Pfr (far red light absorbing), is one factor that signals sunrise and sunset. Actual night length is measured by the biological clock, which uses the interconversion of phytochrome to mark the beginning and end of the dark segment of each day. Absorption of light of the appropriate wavelength changes phytochrome from one form to the other. Red light converts Pr to Pfr, and far-red light converts Pfr to Pr.

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126

Question 108 (Weight 0.67%)

When chemical signal released by one organ travels in the blood and affects the action of another organ is known as what?

( )Cytokine
( )Hormone
( )Pheromone
( )none of the above

Explanation: The endocrine system includes various organs that are capable of releasing chemical signals called hormones that affect the actions of other organs. The thyroid gland, for example, releases thyroid hormone which can affect the activity of almost every other organ. Cytokines and chemokines act locally to affect cellular activity and pheromones are used for signaling between organisms.

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127

Question 109 (Weight 0.67%)

What part of the immune system is primarily affected by HIV?

( ) Plasma cells
( )B cells
( )t cells
( )antibodies

Explanation: A certain type of T cell called CD4 T cells are particularly affected by HIV infection. The virus invades CD4 T cells, hijacks the cellular machinery, replicates and destroys the cell. The number of T cells that a person with HIV has inversely correlates with the severity of the disease. Once the CD4 T cell count falls below a certain level in patients with HIV, they must take prophylactic antibiotics to prevent serious infections.

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128

Question 110 (Weight 0.67%)

The movement of water up a tree is depended on?

( )The vapor pressure of water
( )Boiling point of water
( )Low osmotic pressure in the sap
( )Attraction between water molecules

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129

Question 111 (Weight 0.67%)

What is true about anthropods?

( )They are the most successful phylum of animals ever to live (in terms of number)
( )There are an estimated 1018 organisms living on Earth
( )Nearly a million species have been named and described
( )all of the above

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130

Question 112 (Weight 0.67%)

If you cut a live twig from a tree and examine the cut surface with a magnifying glass you will most likely observe a growing droplet of fluid forming. This fluid is known as what

( )Phloem sap
( ) Xylem sap
( )cell sap from cel vacule
( )Guttation fluid

Explanation: Phloem sap moves by a pressure-flow mechanism. The high solute concentration produces at the source end of a sieve tube during sugar loading generates a hydrostatic pressure that is relieved at the sink end by the loss of water accompanied by the unloading of sugar. When a living twig is cut from a tree, the phloem sap will continue to move according to the pressure gradient – resulting in a droplet of fluid forming on the cut surface.

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131

Question 113 (Weight 0.67%)

Water and minerals that cross the cortex through the symplast move:

( )Up a water potential gradient
( )Extracellularly along the cell wall matrix
( )From cell to cell through plasmodesmata
( )By active transport

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132

Question 114 (Weight 0.67%)

What percent of blood is directed to the kidney?

( )1
( )5
( )20
( )50

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133

Question 115 (Weight 0.67%)

What structure in lungs is responsible for the majority of gas exchange with the blood?

( )Trachea
( ) Bronchi
( ) Bronchioles
( ) Alveoli

Explanation: The alveoli or air sacs are at the very end of a long set of tube like structures. Air enters the nose, descends through the pharynx and larynx then the trachea. The trachea first divides into two bronchi and later progressively smaller diameter bronchioles. Once air reach the alveoli, capillaries essential engulf the thin-walled air sacs facilitating gas exchange.

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134

Question 116 (Weight 0.67%)

fungi and bacteria in soil get their food from?

( ) Water
( )oxygen
( )nitrogen
( )Organic matter

Explanation: Organic matter

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135

Question 117 (Weight 0.67%)

define mycorrhizae?

( )The symbiotic relationship between roots and fungi
( )root hairs
( )nitrogen fixing bacteria
( )Plants that use other plants as a substratum, but do not take nutrients from them

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136

Question 118 (Weight 0.67%)

If a long-day plant has a critical night length of 9 hours, then which of the following 24 hour cycles would prevent flowering?

( ) 16 hours light/8 hours dark
( )15.5 hours light/8.5 hours dark
( )14 hours light/10 hours dark
( )4 hours light/8 hours dark/4 hours light/8 hours dark

Explanation: Night length, not day length, control flowering and other responses to photoperiod. Long-day plants with a critical night length of 9 hours would need at least 9 hours of night (and thus, 15 hours or less of daytime) to flower. If the daytime portion of the photoperiod is broken by a brief exposure to darkness, there is no effect on flowering. However, if the nighttime part of the photoperiod is interrupted by even a few minutes of dim light, the plant will not flower.

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137

Question 119 (Weight 0.67%)

What is one reason that grafting is used to propagate plants?

( )It help maintain desired characteristics
( )A plant can produce many more scions than seeds
( )t combines the genetic characteristics of two strains of plants
( )none of the above

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138

Question 120 (Weight 0.67%)

Statoliths is involved where?

( )Sleep movements
( )Gravitropism
( ) Leaf abscissions
( ) Phototropism

Explanation: Statoliths are specialized plastids containing dense starch grains. Placing a seedling on its side will cause the growth to adjust so that the shoot bends upward and the root curves downward. This is accomplished by the settling of the statoliths to the lowest point in the plant cells.

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139

Question 121 (Weight 0.67%)

The seed coat develops from what?

( )Sepals
( )Endosperm
( )Ovary wall
( )Ovule wall

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140

Question 122 (Weight 0.67%)

what category is sponges in?

( )sponges
( ) Porifera
( )repetile
( )crustatian

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141

Question 123 (Weight 0.67%)

They may reproduce sexually or asexually, They digest food by phagocytosis and The need water for hydroskeleton support what are they?

( )eumatazoa
( ) phylum Porifera
( ) phylum molera
( ) phylum Portista

Explanation: Sponges or members of the phylum Porifera are somewhat unique among the animal kingdom. They are quite simple anatomically and are said to live “beside the animals” and carry the name parazoa. Eumetazoa is the name given to all other phyla of animal except Porifera. All of the other statements about sponges are true.

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142

Question 124 (Weight 0.67%)

Which of the traditional five taxonomic kingdoms contains the oldest eukaryote?

( )Kingdom Animalia
( ) Kingdom Protista
( )Kingdom Monera
( )kingdom plantea

Explanation: The earliest protists are believed to have lived 1.5 billion years ago and are the first known eukaryotes. The first protists (and eukaryotes) are considered to be acritarchs or ancient algal protists.

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143

Question 125 (Weight 0.67%)

Most of the water that a plant takes up becomes what?

( ) Absorbed by cells during elongation
( )Returned to the soil by osmosis through the roots
( ) Lost through the stomata by transpiration
( )ncorporated directly into organic material

Explanation: More than 90% of the water taken up by plants is lost by transpiration, the 10% of the water that is retained by the plant functions as a solvent, makes cell elongation possible, and serves to maintain the form of the soft tissue by keeping cells turgid.

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144

Question 126 (Weight 0.67%)

which of the following in regards to chemical fertilizer is not true?

( )In very basic and general terms, a chemical fertilizer is a compound (collection of ingredients) that has been chemically processed or refined to increase its potency.
( )The introduction of chemical fertilizers in the early to mid 20th century is in many ways responsible for the massive increase in food an individual farmer can produce.
( )The main problem is the result of applying too much or an over-application of this class of fertilizers.
( )all of the above is true

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145

Question 127 (Weight 0.67%)

Which type of environment has the highest number of species?

( )tropical
( )temperate
( )savannah
( )polar

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146

Question 128 (Weight 0.67%)

What type of Terrestrial Biome consists of grasslands and have relatively cold temperatures?

( )Tropical Forest
( )savanna
( ) Temperate Grassland
( ) Chaparral

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147

Question 129 (Weight 0.67%)

what is an example of bheaviorial response in animals?

( )he constriction of blood vessels near the skin when the air is cold.
( )contraction of muscles
( )bird flights during the winter
( )None of the above

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148

Question 130 (Weight 0.67%)

what is the main reason for extinctions worldwide?

( )the impact of introduced (“alien”) species,
( )pollution
( ) Habitat loss and competition from other species
( )all of the above

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149

Question 131 (Weight 0.67%)

has the organisms confined into a defined area, e.g. an island, a cage, a petrie dish.

( ) Closed Population?
( )popuplation
( )social exculsion
( )open population

Explanation: A closed population is one that remains constant with no measurable change. A community capable of sustaining itself under prevailing conditions is a Climax Kind. A community where individuals compete for the same limited resources is a competition. An interbreeding group in a population is a Deme.

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150

Question 132 (Weight 0.67%)

The entire portion of the earth that is inhabited by life is called the:

( )Population
( )biosphere
( ) Ecosystem
( )Community

Explanation: A population consists of members of the same species that live in the same geographical area. One or more populations make up a community and an ecosystem includes not only the community, but also the abiotic factors that affect it. The biosphere includes the sum of all the planet’s ecosystems.

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151

Question 133 (Weight 0.67%)

One or more populations make up a: ?

( )ecosystem
( )community
( )niche
( )biosphere?

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152

Question 134 (Weight 0.67%)

includes not only the community, but also the abiotic factors that affect it?

( )community
( )Ecosystem
( )Population
( )none of the above

Explanation: an ecosystem includes not only the community, but also the abiotic factors that affect it

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153

Question 135 (Weight 0.67%)

Which characteristics of life history can affect the number of offspring an individual will produce?

( )Number of reproductive episodes per lifetime
( ) Clutch size
( )Age at first reproduction
( ) All of the above

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154

Question 136 (Weight 0.67%)

Ethology can be defined as which study?

( )How human emotions apply to other animals
( ) The cause of animal behavior evolution.
( )How animals behave in controlled laboratory studies
( )How animals behave in their natural environments.

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155

Question 137 (Weight 0.67%)

A population has the ability to grow exponentially when which of the following exists?

( )When it inhabits a suitable and previously unoccupied habitat
( )here is only one type of predator present
( )When food is the only limiting resource
( )None of the above

Explanation: When a population immigrates to a new area that is uninhabited by other populations and is ‘suitable’ for the immigrating population, exponential growth can occur. If there is food and space in abundance and no interference from other species, a population can grow unchecked (increasing in size every year; i.e. birth rates far outweigh death rates).

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156

Question 138 (Weight 0.67%)

The increase of CO2 in the atmosphere is mainly the result of which of the following?

( )Methane production by some bacteria.
( )he burning of fossil fuels and wood.
( )Respiration products from the human population
( )The absorption of infrared radiation escaping from the Earth.

Explanation: The CO2 concentration in the atmosphere has increased approximately twenty-five percent (25%) in the last 150 years with the increased burning of fossil fuels. The correct answer choice therefore, is (B).

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157

Question 139 (Weight 0.67%)

Which type of community structure consists of daily and seasonal cycles of activity?

( )Temporal
( ) Trophic
( )Physiognomic
( )Species Composition

Explanation: The temporal community structure is based on the daily cycle of nighttime and daylight and also on the changing of the seasons. For example, some animals are active at night, nocturnal, and some are active during the day, diurnal. Trophic community structures have characteristic patterns of energy transfer involving food chains. The physiognomic community structure has a characteristic physical structure including stratification and other spatial patterns. In the species composition structure, each community has a characteristic group of species that is a subset of the total species pool in the region.

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158

Question 140 (Weight 0.67%)

WHAT WOULD YOU DEFINE Cryptic Coloration as?

( )Large, fake eyes or false heads
( ) Conspicuous Markings that act as a warning to would-be predators
( )An animal defense against predators by camouflaging itself against its background
( ) Imitation of another unpalatable species

Explanation: With cryptic coloration the predator cannot see the prey. Large, fake eyes or false heads is a type of defense called Deceptive Markings and can cause the predator to strike a non-vital area. Conspicuous Markings that act as a warning to would-be predators is referred to as Aposematic Coloration and may also startle the predator, allowing the prey to escape. Imitation of another unpalatable species is mimicry; prey may mimic an unpalatable species in appearance so predators will avoid them. Predators may mimic another species to attract other members of that species in order to capture and eat them.

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159

Question 141 (Weight 0.67%)

which of the following describes, Deceptive Markings

( )Big eyes, big head
( )Scary looking coloration of the exterior of an animal
( )fake big eyes and fake big head
( )Conspicuous Markings that act as a warning to would-be predators

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160

Question 142 (Weight 0.67%)

The ozone layer is located in which layer of the atmosphere?

( ) troposphere
( )exosphere
( )thermosphere
( ) stratosphere

Explanation: It is in the stratosphere, located 8 to 50km above sea level. The ozone layer surrounds the earth, meaning that it’s wrapped around earth. The altitude varies with latitude as well, placing the stratosphere and the ozone layer closer to the Earth’s surface over the poles.Ozone concentrations vary from near zero at extreme elevations (high in the exosphere), to a maximum (~9 ppm) at the bottom of the stratosphere, to zero again near Earth’s surface (the troposphere ends here). So some ozone is found in every layer of the atmopshere (usually less than 1 ppm, except for the stratosphere).When it is winter at one of the poles, there is no UV-C to make ozone, and since ozone decays with time, an “ozone hole” forms. The size of the hole depends on how many contaminants are present to accelerate the decay of ozone.As with the whole atmosphere, all layers (except the upper exosphere) have about 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and traces of other gases.Ozone is found everywhere in the atmosphere.The highest concentration is in the lower stratosphere, also called the tropopause, and the ozone here is called the ozone layer.Ozone is also found in the lower atmosphere, also called the troposphere, and the ozone here is one component of smog.

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161

Question 143 (Weight 0.67%)

In which layer of the earths atmosphere does our weather occur?

( ) troposhere
( ) stratosphere
( )exosphere
( ) mesosphere

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162

Question 144 (Weight 0.67%)

Lakes that store water for human use are called:

( )wells
( )springs
( )reseviours
( )aquifers

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163

Question 145 (Weight 0.67%)

Which of the following is true about eutrophication?

( )It is a non-reversible process
( ) It is often caused by excess phosphorous
( ) It decreases the productivity of lakes and other fresh water bodies
( ) It is caused by the inhibition of algal blooms

Explanation: The excess phosphorous acts as a fertilizer and causes an increase in organic matter which, in turn, causes a plankton bloom. Oxygen depletion then occurs as a result of the increase in organic matter; and without enough oxygen, the organic matter dies and accumulates. These lakes eventually fill in and become dry land due to this “debris.”

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164

Question 146 (Weight 0.67%)

All of these terms are characteristic of the human populations in developed countries, except:

( ) K-selected
( )R- selected
( ) Iteroparous
( )Relatively small clutch size

Explanation: In an r-selected population, life history is centered on a high potential rate of increase; organisms generally have large clutch sizes with relatively small offspring, and have an early age of first reproduction and a short generation time. None of these apply to the human populations in developed countries.

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165

Question 147 (Weight 0.67%)

A sign stimulus that triggers a certain behavior in another member of the same species is known as which of the following?

( )Pheromone.
( )Fixed action plan stimulus.
( ) Releaser.
( ) Agonistic sign.

Explanation: A releaser is a communication signal used between members of the same species. A classic example of this is seen in the male three-spined stickleback fish (all males of that species have a red underbelly), which will attack other three-spined stickleback males who invade his territory. The releaser for the attack behavior is the red underbelly of the intruder.

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166

Question 148 (Weight 0.67%)

What is Ecological Optimum as it pertains to Populations?

( )Ecological optimum refers to the population density that can be optimally supported by the area’s resources.
( )The area’s resources greatly exceeding the needs of a population.
( ) The individuals of a population competing for resources.
( )The population density that can be supported by an adjacent area’s resources.

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167

Question 149 (Weight 0.67%)

Which of the following best describes a ‘Limiting Nutrient’?

( )A nutrient that is no longer present in adequate amounts
( )A nutrient that is over-abundant
( )A nutrient that will only last for 60 more days
( )A nutrient that will only last for 90 more days

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168

Question 150 (Weight 0.67%)

This Terrestrial Biome is found near coastal areas?

( )Chaparral
( )Temperate Grassland
( ) Tropical Forest
( ) Savanna

Explanation: Chaparral areas are found in areas along coasts where cool ocean currents circulate offshore and are characterized by mild, rainy winters and long, hot, dry summers (coastlines in California, Chile, southwestern Africa, and southwestern Australia). Tropical forests are found near the equator and vary based on the amount of rainfall they receive. Thorn forests occur in areas of low precipitation, tropical deciduous forests in areas of moderate precipitation, and tropical rain forests in areas with abundant precipitation. Temperate grasslands are similar to savannas but have much colder temperatures, for example, the plains and prairies of central North America. A savanna is grassland with scattered, individual trees. Extensive savanna covers wide areas of South America, central and south Africa, and parts of Australia.

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